並行執行 (Concurrent Execution)

本章節描述的模組在程式的並行執行上提供支援。選擇要使用哪一個工具則取決於是執行什麼樣的任務（CPU 密集或 IO 密集）與偏好的開發風格（事件驅動協作式多工處理或搶占式多工處理）。以下為此章節總覽：

• threading --- Thread-based parallelism
  • active_count()
  • current_thread()
  • excepthook()
  • __excepthook__
  • get_ident()
  • get_native_id()
  • enumerate()
  • main_thread()
  • settrace()
  • settrace_all_threads()
  • gettrace()
  • setprofile()
  • setprofile_all_threads()
  • getprofile()
  • stack_size()
  • TIMEOUT_MAX
  • Thread-Local Data
    • local
  • Thread Objects
    • Thread
      • Thread.start()
      • Thread.run()
      • Thread.join()
      • Thread.name
      • Thread.getName()
      • Thread.setName()
      • Thread.ident
      • Thread.native_id
      • Thread.is_alive()
      • Thread.daemon
      • Thread.isDaemon()
      • Thread.setDaemon()
  • Lock Objects
    • Lock
      • Lock.acquire()
      • Lock.release()
      • Lock.locked()
  • RLock 物件
    • RLock
      • RLock.acquire()
      • RLock.release()
  • Condition Objects
    • Condition
      • Condition.acquire()
      • Condition.release()
      • Condition.wait()
      • Condition.wait_for()
      • Condition.notify()
      • Condition.notify_all()
  • Semaphore Objects
    • Semaphore
      • Semaphore.acquire()
      • Semaphore.release()
    • BoundedSemaphore
    • Semaphore 範例
  • Event Objects
    • Event
      • Event.is_set()
      • Event.set()
      • Event.clear()
      • Event.wait()
  • Timer Objects
    • Timer
      • Timer.cancel()
  • Barrier Objects
    • Barrier
      • Barrier.wait()
      • Barrier.reset()
      • Barrier.abort()
      • Barrier.parties
      • Barrier.n_waiting
      • Barrier.broken
    • BrokenBarrierError
  • Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the with statement
• multiprocessing --- Process-based parallelism
  • 簡介
    • The Process class
    • Contexts and start methods
    • Exchanging objects between processes
    • Synchronization between processes
    • Sharing state between processes
    • Using a pool of workers
  • Reference
    • Process 與例外
      • Process
        • Process.run()
        • Process.start()
        • Process.join()
        • Process.name
        • Process.is_alive()
        • Process.daemon
        • Process.pid
        • Process.exitcode
        • Process.authkey
        • Process.sentinel
        • Process.terminate()
        • Process.kill()
        • Process.close()
      • ProcessError
      • BufferTooShort
      • AuthenticationError
      • TimeoutError
    • Pipes and Queues
      • Pipe()
      • Queue
        • Queue.qsize()
        • Queue.empty()
        • Queue.full()
        • Queue.put()
        • Queue.put_nowait()
        • Queue.get()
        • Queue.get_nowait()
        • Queue.close()
        • Queue.join_thread()
        • Queue.cancel_join_thread()
      • SimpleQueue
        • SimpleQueue.close()
        • SimpleQueue.empty()
        • SimpleQueue.get()
        • SimpleQueue.put()
      • JoinableQueue
        • JoinableQueue.task_done()
        • JoinableQueue.join()
    • Miscellaneous
      • active_children()
      • cpu_count()
      • current_process()
      • parent_process()
      • freeze_support()
      • get_all_start_methods()
      • get_context()
      • get_start_method()
      • set_executable()
      • set_forkserver_preload()
      • set_start_method()
    • Connection Objects
      • Connection
        • Connection.send()
        • Connection.recv()
        • Connection.fileno()
        • Connection.close()
        • Connection.poll()
        • Connection.send_bytes()
        • Connection.recv_bytes()
        • Connection.recv_bytes_into()
    • Synchronization primitives
      • Barrier
      • BoundedSemaphore
      • Condition
      • Event
      • Lock
        • Lock.acquire()
        • Lock.release()
      • RLock
        • RLock.acquire()
        • RLock.release()
      • Semaphore
    • Shared ctypes Objects
      • Value()
      • Array()
      • The multiprocessing.sharedctypes module
        • RawArray()
        • RawValue()
        • Array()
        • Value()
        • copy()
        • synchronized()
    • Managers
      • multiprocessing.Manager()
      • BaseManager
        • BaseManager.start()
        • BaseManager.get_server()
        • BaseManager.connect()
        • BaseManager.shutdown()
        • BaseManager.register()
        • BaseManager.address
      • SyncManager
        • SyncManager.Barrier()
        • SyncManager.BoundedSemaphore()
        • SyncManager.Condition()
        • SyncManager.Event()
        • SyncManager.Lock()
        • SyncManager.Namespace()
        • SyncManager.Queue()
        • SyncManager.RLock()
        • SyncManager.Semaphore()
        • SyncManager.Array()
        • SyncManager.Value()
        • SyncManager.dict()
        • SyncManager.list()
      • Namespace
      • Customized managers
      • Using a remote manager
    • Proxy Objects
      • BaseProxy
        • BaseProxy._callmethod()
        • BaseProxy._getvalue()
        • BaseProxy.__repr__()
        • BaseProxy.__str__()
      • Cleanup
    • Process Pools
      • Pool
        • Pool.apply()
        • Pool.apply_async()
        • Pool.map()
        • Pool.map_async()
        • Pool.imap()
        • Pool.imap_unordered()
        • Pool.starmap()
        • Pool.starmap_async()
        • Pool.close()
        • Pool.terminate()
        • Pool.join()
      • AsyncResult
        • AsyncResult.get()
        • AsyncResult.wait()
        • AsyncResult.ready()
        • AsyncResult.successful()
    • Listeners and Clients
      • deliver_challenge()
      • answer_challenge()
      • Client()
      • Listener
        • Listener.accept()
        • Listener.close()
        • Listener.address
        • Listener.last_accepted
      • wait()
      • Address Formats
    • Authentication keys
    • Logging
      • get_logger()
      • log_to_stderr()
    • The multiprocessing.dummy module
      • ThreadPool
  • Programming guidelines
    • All start methods
    • The spawn and forkserver start methods
  • 範例
• multiprocessing.shared_memory --- 對於共享記憶體的跨行程直接存取
  • SharedMemory
    • SharedMemory.close()
    • SharedMemory.unlink()
    • SharedMemory.buf
    • SharedMemory.name
    • SharedMemory.size
  • SharedMemoryManager
    • SharedMemoryManager.SharedMemory()
    • SharedMemoryManager.ShareableList()
  • ShareableList
    • ShareableList.count()
    • ShareableList.index()
    • ShareableList.format
    • ShareableList.shm
• concurrent 套件
• concurrent.futures -- 啟動平行任務
  • Executor 物件
    • Executor
      • Executor.submit()
      • Executor.map()
      • Executor.shutdown()
  • ThreadPoolExecutor
    • ThreadPoolExecutor
    • ThreadPoolExecutor 範例
  • ProcessPoolExecutor
    • ProcessPoolExecutor
    • ProcessPoolExecutor 範例
  • Future 物件
    • Future
      • Future.cancel()
      • Future.cancelled()
      • Future.running()
      • Future.done()
      • Future.result()
      • Future.exception()
      • Future.add_done_callback()
      • Future.set_running_or_notify_cancel()
      • Future.set_result()
      • Future.set_exception()
  • 模組函式
    • wait()
    • as_completed()
  • 例外類別
    • CancelledError
    • TimeoutError
    • BrokenExecutor
    • InvalidStateError
    • BrokenThreadPool
    • BrokenProcessPool
• subprocess --- Subprocess management
  • Using the subprocess Module
    • run()
    • CompletedProcess
      • CompletedProcess.args
      • CompletedProcess.returncode
      • CompletedProcess.stdout
      • CompletedProcess.stderr
      • CompletedProcess.check_returncode()
    • DEVNULL
    • PIPE
    • STDOUT
    • SubprocessError
    • TimeoutExpired
      • TimeoutExpired.cmd
      • TimeoutExpired.timeout
      • TimeoutExpired.output
      • TimeoutExpired.stdout
      • TimeoutExpired.stderr
    • CalledProcessError
      • CalledProcessError.returncode
      • CalledProcessError.cmd
      • CalledProcessError.output
      • CalledProcessError.stdout
      • CalledProcessError.stderr
    • Frequently Used Arguments
    • Popen Constructor
      • Popen
    • 例外
  • Security Considerations
  • Popen Objects
    • Popen.poll()
    • Popen.wait()
    • Popen.communicate()
    • Popen.send_signal()
    • Popen.terminate()
    • Popen.kill()
    • Popen.args
    • Popen.stdin
    • Popen.stdout
    • Popen.stderr
    • Popen.pid
    • Popen.returncode
  • Windows Popen Helpers
    • STARTUPINFO
      • STARTUPINFO.dwFlags
      • STARTUPINFO.hStdInput
      • STARTUPINFO.hStdOutput
      • STARTUPINFO.hStdError
      • STARTUPINFO.wShowWindow
      • STARTUPINFO.lpAttributeList
    • Windows Constants
      • STD_INPUT_HANDLE
      • STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE
      • STD_ERROR_HANDLE
      • SW_HIDE
      • STARTF_USESTDHANDLES
      • STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW
      • CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE
      • CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP
      • ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS
      • BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS
      • HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS
      • IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS
      • NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS
      • REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS
      • CREATE_NO_WINDOW
      • DETACHED_PROCESS
      • CREATE_DEFAULT_ERROR_MODE
      • CREATE_BREAKAWAY_FROM_JOB
  • Older high-level API
    • call()
    • check_call()
    • check_output()
  • Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module
    • Replacing /bin/sh shell command substitution
    • Replacing shell pipeline
    • Replacing os.system()
    • Replacing the os.spawn family
    • Replacing os.popen(), os.popen2(), os.popen3()
    • Replacing functions from the popen2 module
  • Legacy Shell Invocation Functions
    • getstatusoutput()
    • getoutput()
  • 註解
    • Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows
    • Disabling use of vfork() or posix_spawn()
• sched --- Event scheduler
  • scheduler
  • Scheduler Objects
    • scheduler.enterabs()
    • scheduler.enter()
    • scheduler.cancel()
    • scheduler.empty()
    • scheduler.run()
    • scheduler.queue
• queue --- 同步佇列 (queue) class（類別）
  • Queue
  • LifoQueue
  • PriorityQueue
  • SimpleQueue
  • Empty
  • Full
  • 佇列物件
    • Queue.qsize()
    • Queue.empty()
    • Queue.full()
    • Queue.put()
    • Queue.put_nowait()
    • Queue.get()
    • Queue.get_nowait()
    • Queue.task_done()
    • Queue.join()
  • SimpleQueue 物件
    • SimpleQueue.qsize()
    • SimpleQueue.empty()
    • SimpleQueue.put()
    • SimpleQueue.put_nowait()
    • SimpleQueue.get()
    • SimpleQueue.get_nowait()
• contextvars --- Context Variables
  • Context Variables
    • ContextVar
      • ContextVar.name
      • ContextVar.get()
      • ContextVar.set()
      • ContextVar.reset()
    • Token
      • Token.var
      • Token.old_value
      • Token.MISSING
  • Manual Context Management
    • copy_context()
    • Context
      • Context.run()
      • Context.copy()
      • Context.get()
      • Context.keys()
      • Context.values()
      • Context.items()
  • asyncio support

以下是支援部份上述服務的模組：

• _thread --- Low-level threading API
  • error
  • LockType
  • start_new_thread()
  • interrupt_main()
  • exit()
  • allocate_lock()
  • get_ident()
  • get_native_id()
  • stack_size()
  • TIMEOUT_MAX
  • lock.acquire()
  • lock.release()
  • lock.locked()