ssl --- socket 物件的 TLS/SSL 包裝器

原始碼：Lib/ssl.py

這個模組向客戶端及伺服器端提供了對於網路 socket 的傳輸層安全性協定（或稱為「安全通訊協定 (Secure Sockets Layer)」）加密及身分驗證功能。這個模組使用 OpenSSL 套件，它可以在所有的 Unix 系統、Windows、macOS、以及其他任何可能的平台上使用，只要事先在該平台上安裝 OpenSSL。

備註

由於呼叫了作業系統的 socket APIs，有些行為會根據平台而有所不同。OpenSSL 的安裝版本也會對模組的運作產生影響。例如，OpenSSL 版本 1.1.1 附帶 TLSv1.3。

警告

在使用此模組之前，請閱讀 Security considerations。如果不這樣做，可能會產生錯誤的安全性認知，因為 ssl 模組的預設設定未必適合你的應用程式。

適用： 非 Emscripten、非 WASI。

此模組在 WebAssembly 平台 wasm32-emscripten 和 wasm32-wasi 上無法作用或無法使用。有關更多資訊，請參閱 WebAssembly 平台。

這個章節記錄了 ssl 模組的物件及函式；關於 TSL、SSL、以及憑證的更多資訊，可以去參考此章節底部的「詳情」部分。

此模組提供了一個 ssl.SSLSocket 類別，它是從 socket.socket 衍生出來的，並且提供類似 socket 的包裝器，讓使用 SSL 進行資料傳輸時，可以進行資料的加密及解密。它也提供了一些額外的方法，如 getpeercert()，用於取得連結另一端的憑證，以及 cipher()，用於搜尋用於安全連接的密碼 (cipher)。

對於更複雜的應用程式，ssl.SSLContext 類別有助於管理設定及認證，然後可以透過 SSLContext.wrap_socket() 方法建立的 SSL socket 繼承這些設定和認證。

在 3.5.3 版的變更: 更新以支援與 OpenSSL 1.1.0 進行連結

在 3.6 版的變更: OpenSSL 0.9.8, 1.0.0 及 1.0.1 版本已被棄用且不再支援。在未來 ssl 模組將需要至少 OpenSSL 1.0.2 版本或 1.1.0 版本。

在 3.10 版的變更: PEP 644 已經被實作。ssl 模組需要 OpenSSL 1.1.1 以上的版本才能使用。

使用已經被棄用的常數或函式將會導致棄用警示。

函式、常數與例外

Socket 建立

SSLSocket 實例必須使用 SSLContext.wrap_socket() 方法來建立。輔助函式 create_default_context() 會回傳有安全預設設定的新語境 (context)。

使用預設語境及 IPv4/IPv6 雙協定堆疊的客戶端 socket 範例：

import socket
import ssl

hostname = 'www.python.org'
context = ssl.create_default_context()

with socket.create_connection((hostname, 443)) as sock:
    with context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=hostname) as ssock:
        print(ssock.version())

使用自訂語境及 IPv4 的客戶端 socket範例：

hostname = 'www.python.org'
# PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT requires valid cert chain and hostname
context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
context.load_verify_locations('path/to/cabundle.pem')

with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0) as sock:
    with context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=hostname) as ssock:
        print(ssock.version())

在本地 IPv4 上監聽伺服器 socket 的範例：

context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER)
context.load_cert_chain('/path/to/certchain.pem', '/path/to/private.key')

with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0) as sock:
    sock.bind(('127.0.0.1', 8443))
    sock.listen(5)
    with context.wrap_socket(sock, server_side=True) as ssock:
        conn, addr = ssock.accept()
        ...

語境建立

一個可以幫忙建立出 SSLContext 物件以用於一般目的的方便函式。

ssl.create_default_context(purpose=Purpose.SERVER_AUTH, cafile=None, capath=None, cadata=None)

回傳一個新的 SSLContext 物件，使用給定 purpose 的預設值。這些設定是由 ssl 選擇，通常比直接呼叫 SSLContext 有更高的安全性。

cafile, capath, cadata 是用來選擇用於憑證認證的 CA 憑證，就像 SSLContext.load_verify_locations() 一樣。如果三個值都是 None，此函式會自動選擇系統預設的 CA 憑證。

這些設定包含：PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT 或 PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER、OP_NO_SSLv2、以及 OP_NO_SSLv3，使用高加密密碼套件但不包含 RC4 和未經身份驗證的密碼套件。如果將 purpose 設定為 SERVER_AUTH，則會把 verify_mode 設為 CERT_REQUIRED 並使用設定的 CA 憑證(當 cafile、capath 或 cadata 其中一個值有被設定時) 或使用預設的 CA 憑證 SSLContext.load_default_certs() 。

當系統有支援 keylog_filename 並且有設定環境變數 SSLKEYLOGFILE 時 create_default_context() 會啟用密鑰日誌記錄 (logging)。

備註

協定、選項、密碼和其它設定可以在不捨棄舊值的情況下直接更改成新的值，這些值代表了在相容性和安全性之間取得的合理平衡。

如果你的應用程式需要特殊的設定，你應該要自行建立一個 SSLContext 並自行調整設定。

備註

如果您發現某些舊的客戶端或伺服器常適用此函式建立的 SSLContext 連線時，收到 "Protocol or cipher suite mismatch" 錯誤，這可能是因為他們的系統僅支援 SSL3.0，然而 SSL3.0 已被此函式用 OP_NO_SSLv3 排除。目前廣泛認為 SSL3.0 已經被完全破解。如果您仍然希望在允許 SSL3.0 連線的情況下使用此函式，可以使用下面的方法：

ctx = ssl.create_default_context(Purpose.CLIENT_AUTH)
ctx.options &= ~ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3

在 3.4 版新加入.

在 3.4.4 版的變更: 把 RC4 從預設密碼字串中捨棄。

在 3.6 版的變更: 把 ChaCha20/Poly1305 加入預設密碼字串。

把 3DES 從預設密碼字串中捨棄。

在 3.8 版的變更: 增加了 SSLKEYLOGFILE 對密鑰日誌記錄 (logging) 的支援。

在 3.10 版的變更: 當前語境使用 PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT 協定或 PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER 協定而非通用的 PROTOCOL_TLS。

例外

exception ssl.SSLError

引發由底層 SSL 實作（目前由 OpenSSL 函式庫提供）所引發的錯誤訊息。這表示在覆蓋底層網路連線的高階加密和身份驗證層中存在一些問題。這項錯誤是 OSError 的一個子型別。SSLError 實例的錯誤程式代碼和訊息是由 OpenSSL 函式庫提供。

在 3.3 版的變更: SSLError 曾經是 socket.error 的一個子型別。

library

一個字串符號 (string mnemonic)，用來指定發生錯誤的 OpenSSL 子模組，如：SSL、PEM 或 X509。可能值的範圍取決於 OpenSSL 的版本。

在 3.3 版新加入.

reason

一個字串符號，用來指定發生錯誤的原因，如：CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED。可能值的範圍取決於 OpenSSL 的版本。

在 3.3 版新加入.

exception ssl.SSLZeroReturnError

一個 SSLError 的子類別，當嘗試去讀寫已經被完全關閉的 SSL 連線時會被引發。請注意，這並不表示底層傳輸（例如 TCP）已經被關閉。

在 3.3 版新加入.

exception ssl.SSLWantReadError

一個 SSLError 的子類別，當嘗試去讀寫資料前，底層 TCP 傳輸需要先接收更多資料時會由非阻塞的 SSL socket 引發該錯誤。

在 3.3 版新加入.

exception ssl.SSLWantWriteError

一個 SSLError 的子類別，當嘗試去讀寫資料前，底層 TCP 傳輸需要先發送更多資料時會由非阻塞的 SSL socket 引發該錯誤。

在 3.3 版新加入.

exception ssl.SSLSyscallError

一個 SSLError 的子類別，當嘗試去操作 SSL socket 時有系統錯誤產生會引發此錯誤。不幸的是，目前沒有任何簡單的方法可以去檢查原本的的 errno 編號。

在 3.3 版新加入.

exception ssl.SSLEOFError

一個 SSLError 的子類別，當 SSL 連線被突然終止時會引發此錯誤。通常，當此錯誤發生時，你不該再去重新使用底層傳輸。

在 3.3 版新加入.

exception ssl.SSLCertVerificationError

當憑證驗證失敗時會引發的一個 SSLError 子類別。

在 3.7 版新加入.

verify_code

一個表示驗證錯誤的錯誤數值編號。

verify_message

一個人類可讀的驗證錯誤字串。

exception ssl.CertificateError

SSLCertVerificationError 的別名。

在 3.7 版的變更: 此例外現在是 SSLCertVerificationError 的別名。

隨機產生

ssl.RAND_bytes(num)

回傳 num 個加密性強的偽隨機位元組。如果 PRNG 未使用足夠的資料做為隨機種子 (seed) 或是目前的 RAND 方法不支持該操作則會導致 SSLError 錯誤。RAND_status() 函式可以用來檢查 PRNG 函式，而 RAND_add() 則可以用來為 PRNG 設定隨機種子。

在幾乎所有的應用程式中，os.urandom() 會是較好的選擇。

請閱讀維基百科的密碼學安全偽隨機數產生器 (CSPRNG)文章來了解密碼學安全偽隨機數產生器的需求。

在 3.3 版新加入.

ssl.RAND_status()

如果 SSL 偽隨機數產生器已經使用「足夠的」隨機性進行隨機種子生成，則回傳 True ，否則回傳 False。你可以使用 ssl.RAND_egd() 函式和 ssl.RAND_add() 函式來增加偽隨機數產生器的隨機性。

ssl.RAND_add(bytes, entropy)

將給定的 bytes 混進 SSL 隨機偽隨機數產生器中。 entropy 參數（float 值）是指字串中包含熵值的下限（因此你可以將其設為 0.0）。請參閱 RFC 1750 了解有關熵源的更多資訊。

在 3.5 版的變更: 可寫入的類位元組物件現在可被接受。

認證處理

ssl.cert_time_to_seconds(cert_time)

回傳自紀元以來的秒數，給定的 cert_time 字串表示憑證的 "notBefore" 或 "notAfter" 日期，字串採用 "%b %d %H:%M:%S %Y %Z" 格式（C 語言區域設定）。

以下是一個範例：

>>> import ssl
>>> timestamp = ssl.cert_time_to_seconds("Jan  5 09:34:43 2018 GMT")
>>> timestamp  
1515144883
>>> from datetime import datetime
>>> print(datetime.utcfromtimestamp(timestamp))  
2018-01-05 09:34:43

"notBefore" 或 "notAfter" 日期必須使用 GMT (RFC 5280)。

在 3.5 版的變更: 將輸入的時間直譯為 UTC 時間，如輸入字串中指定的 'GMT' 時區。在之前是使用本地的時區。回傳一個整數（在輸入格式中不包括秒的小數部分）。

ssl.get_server_certificate(addr, ssl_version=PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT, ca_certs=None[, timeout])

輸入使用 SSL 保護的伺服器的地址 addr，輸入形式為一個 pair (hostname, port-number)，獲取該伺服器的憑證，並以 PEM 編碼字串的形式回傳。如果指定了``ssl_version``，則使用指定的 SSL 協議來嘗試與伺服器連線。如果指定 ca_certs，則它應該是一個包含根憑證列表的檔案，並與 SSLContext.load_verify_locations() 中的參數 cafile 所使用的格式相同。此呼叫將嘗試使用該組根憑證對伺服器憑證進行驗證，如果驗證失敗，呼叫將失敗。可以使用 timeout 參數指定超時時間。

在 3.3 版的變更: 此函式現在是與 IPv6 相容的。

在 3.5 版的變更: 預設的 ssl_version 已經從 PROTOCOL_SSLv3 改為 PROTOCOL_TLS，已確保與現今的伺服器有最大的相容性。

在 3.10 版的變更: 新增 timeout 參數。

ssl.DER_cert_to_PEM_cert(DER_cert_bytes)

給定一個以 DER 編碼的位元組 blob 作為憑證，回傳以 PEM 編碼字串版本的相同憑證。

ssl.PEM_cert_to_DER_cert(PEM_cert_string)

給定一個以 ASCII PEM 的字串作為憑證，回傳以 DER 編碼的位元組序列的相同憑證。

ssl.get_default_verify_paths()

回傳一個具有 OpenSSL 的預設 cafile 和 capath 路徑的附名元組。這些路徑與 SSLContext.set_default_verify_paths() 使用的相同。回傳值是一個 named tuple DefaultVerifyPaths：

  • cafile - 解析後的 cafile 路徑，如果檔案不存在則為 None，

  • capath - 解析後的 capath 路徑，如果目錄不存在則為 None，

  • openssl_cafile_env - 指向 cafile 的 OpenSSL 環境密鑰，

  • openssl_cafile - hard coded 的 cafile 路徑，

  • openssl_capath_env - 指向 capath 的 OpenSSL 環境密鑰，

  • openssl_capath - hard coded 的 capath 目錄路徑

在 3.4 版新加入.

ssl.enum_certificates(store_name)

Retrieve certificates from Windows' system cert store. store_name may be one of CA, ROOT or MY. Windows may provide additional cert stores, too.

The function returns a list of (cert_bytes, encoding_type, trust) tuples. The encoding_type specifies the encoding of cert_bytes. It is either x509_asn for X.509 ASN.1 data or pkcs_7_asn for PKCS#7 ASN.1 data. Trust specifies the purpose of the certificate as a set of OIDS or exactly True if the certificate is trustworthy for all purposes.

範例：

>>> ssl.enum_certificates("CA")
[(b'data...', 'x509_asn', {'1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1', '1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2'}),
 (b'data...', 'x509_asn', True)]

適用：只有 Windows。

在 3.4 版新加入.

ssl.enum_crls(store_name)

Retrieve CRLs from Windows' system cert store. store_name may be one of CA, ROOT or MY. Windows may provide additional cert stores, too.

The function returns a list of (cert_bytes, encoding_type, trust) tuples. The encoding_type specifies the encoding of cert_bytes. It is either x509_asn for X.509 ASN.1 data or pkcs_7_asn for PKCS#7 ASN.1 data.

適用：只有 Windows。

在 3.4 版新加入.

常數

All constants are now enum.IntEnum or enum.IntFlag collections.

在 3.6 版新加入.

ssl.CERT_NONE

Possible value for SSLContext.verify_mode. Except for PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT, it is the default mode. With client-side sockets, just about any cert is accepted. Validation errors, such as untrusted or expired cert, are ignored and do not abort the TLS/SSL handshake.

In server mode, no certificate is requested from the client, so the client does not send any for client cert authentication.

參閱下方 Security considerations 的討論。

ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL

Possible value for SSLContext.verify_mode. In client mode, CERT_OPTIONAL has the same meaning as CERT_REQUIRED. It is recommended to use CERT_REQUIRED for client-side sockets instead.

In server mode, a client certificate request is sent to the client. The client may either ignore the request or send a certificate in order perform TLS client cert authentication. If the client chooses to send a certificate, it is verified. Any verification error immediately aborts the TLS handshake.

Use of this setting requires a valid set of CA certificates to be passed to SSLContext.load_verify_locations().

ssl.CERT_REQUIRED

Possible value for SSLContext.verify_mode. In this mode, certificates are required from the other side of the socket connection; an SSLError will be raised if no certificate is provided, or if its validation fails. This mode is not sufficient to verify a certificate in client mode as it does not match hostnames. check_hostname must be enabled as well to verify the authenticity of a cert. PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT uses CERT_REQUIRED and enables check_hostname by default.

With server socket, this mode provides mandatory TLS client cert authentication. A client certificate request is sent to the client and the client must provide a valid and trusted certificate.

Use of this setting requires a valid set of CA certificates to be passed to SSLContext.load_verify_locations().

class ssl.VerifyMode

enum.IntEnum collection of CERT_* constants.

在 3.6 版新加入.

ssl.VERIFY_DEFAULT

Possible value for SSLContext.verify_flags. In this mode, certificate revocation lists (CRLs) are not checked. By default OpenSSL does neither require nor verify CRLs.

在 3.4 版新加入.

ssl.VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_LEAF

Possible value for SSLContext.verify_flags. In this mode, only the peer cert is checked but none of the intermediate CA certificates. The mode requires a valid CRL that is signed by the peer cert's issuer (its direct ancestor CA). If no proper CRL has been loaded with SSLContext.load_verify_locations, validation will fail.

在 3.4 版新加入.

ssl.VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_CHAIN

Possible value for SSLContext.verify_flags. In this mode, CRLs of all certificates in the peer cert chain are checked.

在 3.4 版新加入.

ssl.VERIFY_X509_STRICT

Possible value for SSLContext.verify_flags to disable workarounds for broken X.509 certificates.

在 3.4 版新加入.

ssl.VERIFY_ALLOW_PROXY_CERTS

Possible value for SSLContext.verify_flags to enables proxy certificate verification.

在 3.10 版新加入.

ssl.VERIFY_X509_TRUSTED_FIRST

Possible value for SSLContext.verify_flags. It instructs OpenSSL to prefer trusted certificates when building the trust chain to validate a certificate. This flag is enabled by default.

在 3.4.4 版新加入.

ssl.VERIFY_X509_PARTIAL_CHAIN

Possible value for SSLContext.verify_flags. It instructs OpenSSL to accept intermediate CAs in the trust store to be treated as trust-anchors, in the same way as the self-signed root CA certificates. This makes it possible to trust certificates issued by an intermediate CA without having to trust its ancestor root CA.

在 3.10 版新加入.

class ssl.VerifyFlags

enum.IntFlag collection of VERIFY_* constants.

在 3.6 版新加入.

ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS

Selects the highest protocol version that both the client and server support. Despite the name, this option can select both "SSL" and "TLS" protocols.

在 3.6 版新加入.

在 3.10 版之後被棄用: TLS clients and servers require different default settings for secure communication. The generic TLS protocol constant is deprecated in favor of PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT and PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER.

ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT

Auto-negotiate the highest protocol version that both the client and server support, and configure the context client-side connections. The protocol enables CERT_REQUIRED and check_hostname by default.

在 3.6 版新加入.

ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER

Auto-negotiate the highest protocol version that both the client and server support, and configure the context server-side connections.

在 3.6 版新加入.

ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23

PROTOCOL_TLS 的別名。

在 3.6 版之後被棄用: 請改用 PROTOCOL_TLS。

ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3

Selects SSL version 3 as the channel encryption protocol.

This protocol is not available if OpenSSL is compiled with the no-ssl3 option.

警告

SSL version 3 是不安全的，強烈建議不要使用。

在 3.6 版之後被棄用: OpenSSL has deprecated all version specific protocols. Use the default protocol PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER or PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT with SSLContext.minimum_version and SSLContext.maximum_version instead.

ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1

Selects TLS version 1.0 as the channel encryption protocol.

在 3.6 版之後被棄用: OpenSSL 已經將所有版本特定的協定棄用。

ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1

Selects TLS version 1.1 as the channel encryption protocol. Available only with openssl version 1.0.1+.

在 3.4 版新加入.

在 3.6 版之後被棄用: OpenSSL 已經將所有版本特定的協定棄用。

ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2

Selects TLS version 1.2 as the channel encryption protocol. Available only with openssl version 1.0.1+.

在 3.4 版新加入.

在 3.6 版之後被棄用: OpenSSL 已經將所有版本特定的協定棄用。

ssl.OP_ALL

Enables workarounds for various bugs present in other SSL implementations. This option is set by default. It does not necessarily set the same flags as OpenSSL's SSL_OP_ALL constant.

在 3.2 版新加入.

ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2

Prevents an SSLv2 connection. This option is only applicable in conjunction with PROTOCOL_TLS. It prevents the peers from choosing SSLv2 as the protocol version.

在 3.2 版新加入.

在 3.6 版之後被棄用: SSLv2 已被棄用

ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3

Prevents an SSLv3 connection. This option is only applicable in conjunction with PROTOCOL_TLS. It prevents the peers from choosing SSLv3 as the protocol version.

在 3.2 版新加入.

在 3.6 版之後被棄用: SSLv3 已被棄用

ssl.OP_NO_TLSv1

Prevents a TLSv1 connection. This option is only applicable in conjunction with PROTOCOL_TLS. It prevents the peers from choosing TLSv1 as the protocol version.

在 3.2 版新加入.

在 3.7 版之後被棄用: The option is deprecated since OpenSSL 1.1.0, use the new SSLContext.minimum_version and SSLContext.maximum_version instead.

ssl.OP_NO_TLSv1_1

Prevents a TLSv1.1 connection. This option is only applicable in conjunction with PROTOCOL_TLS. It prevents the peers from choosing TLSv1.1 as the protocol version. Available only with openssl version 1.0.1+.

在 3.4 版新加入.

在 3.7 版之後被棄用: 此選項自 OpenSSL 1.1.0 版已被棄用。

ssl.OP_NO_TLSv1_2

Prevents a TLSv1.2 connection. This option is only applicable in conjunction with PROTOCOL_TLS. It prevents the peers from choosing TLSv1.2 as the protocol version. Available only with openssl version 1.0.1+.

在 3.4 版新加入.

在 3.7 版之後被棄用: 此選項自 OpenSSL 1.1.0 版已被棄用。

ssl.OP_NO_TLSv1_3

Prevents a TLSv1.3 connection. This option is only applicable in conjunction with PROTOCOL_TLS. It prevents the peers from choosing TLSv1.3 as the protocol version. TLS 1.3 is available with OpenSSL 1.1.1 or later. When Python has been compiled against an older version of OpenSSL, the flag defaults to 0.

在 3.7 版新加入.

在 3.7 版之後被棄用: The option is deprecated since OpenSSL 1.1.0. It was added to 2.7.15, 3.6.3 and 3.7.0 for backwards compatibility with OpenSSL 1.0.2.

ssl.OP_NO_RENEGOTIATION

Disable all renegotiation in TLSv1.2 and earlier. Do not send HelloRequest messages, and ignore renegotiation requests via ClientHello.

此選項僅適用於 OpenSSL 1.1.0h 及更新版本。

在 3.7 版新加入.

ssl.OP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCE

Use the server's cipher ordering preference, rather than the client's. This option has no effect on client sockets and SSLv2 server sockets.

在 3.3 版新加入.

ssl.OP_SINGLE_DH_USE

Prevents re-use of the same DH key for distinct SSL sessions. This improves forward secrecy but requires more computational resources. This option only applies to server sockets.

在 3.3 版新加入.

ssl.OP_SINGLE_ECDH_USE

Prevents re-use of the same ECDH key for distinct SSL sessions. This improves forward secrecy but requires more computational resources. This option only applies to server sockets.

在 3.3 版新加入.

ssl.OP_ENABLE_MIDDLEBOX_COMPAT

Send dummy Change Cipher Spec (CCS) messages in TLS 1.3 handshake to make a TLS 1.3 connection look more like a TLS 1.2 connection.

此選項僅適用於 OpenSSL 1.1.1 及更新版本。

在 3.8 版新加入.

ssl.OP_NO_COMPRESSION

Disable compression on the SSL channel. This is useful if the application protocol supports its own compression scheme.

在 3.3 版新加入.

class ssl.Options

enum.IntFlag collection of OP_* constants.

ssl.OP_NO_TICKET

Prevent client side from requesting a session ticket.

在 3.6 版新加入.

ssl.OP_IGNORE_UNEXPECTED_EOF

Ignore unexpected shutdown of TLS connections.

此選項僅適用於 OpenSSL 3.0.0 及更新版本。

在 3.10 版新加入.

ssl.OP_ENABLE_KTLS

Enable the use of the kernel TLS. To benefit from the feature, OpenSSL must have been compiled with support for it, and the negotiated cipher suites and extensions must be supported by it (a list of supported ones may vary by platform and kernel version).

Note that with enabled kernel TLS some cryptographic operations are performed by the kernel directly and not via any available OpenSSL Providers. This might be undesirable if, for example, the application requires all cryptographic operations to be performed by the FIPS provider.

此選項僅適用於 OpenSSL 3.0.0 及更新版本。

在 3.12 版新加入.

ssl.OP_LEGACY_SERVER_CONNECT

Allow legacy insecure renegotiation between OpenSSL and unpatched servers only.

在 3.12 版新加入.

ssl.HAS_ALPN

Whether the OpenSSL library has built-in support for the Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation TLS extension as described in RFC 7301.

在 3.5 版新加入.

ssl.HAS_NEVER_CHECK_COMMON_NAME

Whether the OpenSSL library has built-in support not checking subject common name and SSLContext.hostname_checks_common_name is writeable.

在 3.7 版新加入.

ssl.HAS_ECDH

Whether the OpenSSL library has built-in support for the Elliptic Curve-based Diffie-Hellman key exchange. This should be true unless the feature was explicitly disabled by the distributor.

在 3.3 版新加入.

ssl.HAS_SNI

Whether the OpenSSL library has built-in support for the Server Name Indication extension (as defined in RFC 6066).

在 3.2 版新加入.

ssl.HAS_NPN

Whether the OpenSSL library has built-in support for the Next Protocol Negotiation as described in the Application Layer Protocol Negotiation. When true, you can use the SSLContext.set_npn_protocols() method to advertise which protocols you want to support.

在 3.3 版新加入.

ssl.HAS_SSLv2

此 OpenSSL 函式庫是否內建支援 SSL 2.0 協定。

在 3.7 版新加入.

ssl.HAS_SSLv3

此 OpenSSL 函式庫是否內建支援 SSL 3.0 協定。

在 3.7 版新加入.

ssl.HAS_TLSv1

此 OpenSSL 函式庫是否內建支援 TLS 1.0 協定。

在 3.7 版新加入.

ssl.HAS_TLSv1_1

此 OpenSSL 函式庫是否內建支援 TLS 1.1 協定。

在 3.7 版新加入.

ssl.HAS_TLSv1_2

此 OpenSSL 函式庫是否內建支援 TLS 1.2 協定。

在 3.7 版新加入.

ssl.HAS_TLSv1_3

此 OpenSSL 函式庫是否內建支援 TLS 1.3 協定。

在 3.7 版新加入.

ssl.CHANNEL_BINDING_TYPES

List of supported TLS channel binding types. Strings in this list can be used as arguments to SSLSocket.get_channel_binding().

在 3.3 版新加入.

ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION

The version string of the OpenSSL library loaded by the interpreter:

>>> ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION
'OpenSSL 1.0.2k  26 Jan 2017'

在 3.2 版新加入.

ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_INFO

A tuple of five integers representing version information about the OpenSSL library:

>>> ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_INFO
(1, 0, 2, 11, 15)

在 3.2 版新加入.

ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER

The raw version number of the OpenSSL library, as a single integer:

>>> ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER
268443839
>>> hex(ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
'0x100020bf'

在 3.2 版新加入.

ssl.ALERT_DESCRIPTION_HANDSHAKE_FAILURE
ssl.ALERT_DESCRIPTION_INTERNAL_ERROR
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_*

Alert Descriptions from RFC 5246 and others. The IANA TLS Alert Registry contains this list and references to the RFCs where their meaning is defined.

Used as the return value of the callback function in SSLContext.set_servername_callback().

在 3.4 版新加入.

class ssl.AlertDescription

enum.IntEnum collection of ALERT_DESCRIPTION_* constants.

在 3.6 版新加入.

Purpose.SERVER_AUTH

Option for create_default_context() and SSLContext.load_default_certs(). This value indicates that the context may be used to authenticate web servers (therefore, it will be used to create client-side sockets).

在 3.4 版新加入.

Purpose.CLIENT_AUTH

Option for create_default_context() and SSLContext.load_default_certs(). This value indicates that the context may be used to authenticate web clients (therefore, it will be used to create server-side sockets).

在 3.4 版新加入.

class ssl.SSLErrorNumber

enum.IntEnum collection of SSL_ERROR_* constants.

在 3.6 版新加入.

class ssl.TLSVersion

enum.IntEnum collection of SSL and TLS versions for SSLContext.maximum_version and SSLContext.minimum_version.

在 3.7 版新加入.

TLSVersion.MINIMUM_SUPPORTED
TLSVersion.MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED

The minimum or maximum supported SSL or TLS version. These are magic constants. Their values don't reflect the lowest and highest available TLS/SSL versions.

TLSVersion.SSLv3
TLSVersion.TLSv1
TLSVersion.TLSv1_1
TLSVersion.TLSv1_2
TLSVersion.TLSv1_3

SSL 3.0 到 TLS 1.3。

在 3.10 版之後被棄用: All TLSVersion members except TLSVersion.TLSv1_2 and TLSVersion.TLSv1_3 are deprecated.

SSL Sockets

class ssl.SSLSocket(socket.socket)

SSL sockets provide the following methods of Socket 物件:

However, since the SSL (and TLS) protocol has its own framing atop of TCP, the SSL sockets abstraction can, in certain respects, diverge from the specification of normal, OS-level sockets. See especially the notes on non-blocking sockets.

Instances of SSLSocket must be created using the SSLContext.wrap_socket() method.

在 3.5 版的變更: 新增 sendfile() 方法。

在 3.5 版的變更: The shutdown() does not reset the socket timeout each time bytes are received or sent. The socket timeout is now the maximum total duration of the shutdown.

在 3.6 版之後被棄用: It is deprecated to create a SSLSocket instance directly, use SSLContext.wrap_socket() to wrap a socket.

在 3.7 版的變更: SSLSocket instances must to created with wrap_socket(). In earlier versions, it was possible to create instances directly. This was never documented or officially supported.

在 3.10 版的變更: Python now uses SSL_read_ex and SSL_write_ex internally. The functions support reading and writing of data larger than 2 GB. Writing zero-length data no longer fails with a protocol violation error.

SSL sockets also have the following additional methods and attributes:

SSLSocket.read(len=1024, buffer=None)

Read up to len bytes of data from the SSL socket and return the result as a bytes instance. If buffer is specified, then read into the buffer instead, and return the number of bytes read.

Raise SSLWantReadError or SSLWantWriteError if the socket is non-blocking and the read would block.

As at any time a re-negotiation is possible, a call to read() can also cause write operations.

在 3.5 版的變更: The socket timeout is no longer reset each time bytes are received or sent. The socket timeout is now the maximum total duration to read up to len bytes.

在 3.6 版之後被棄用: 請改用 recv() 來替換掉 read()。

SSLSocket.write(buf)

Write buf to the SSL socket and return the number of bytes written. The buf argument must be an object supporting the buffer interface.

Raise SSLWantReadError or SSLWantWriteError if the socket is non-blocking and the write would block.

As at any time a re-negotiation is possible, a call to write() can also cause read operations.

在 3.5 版的變更: The socket timeout is no longer reset each time bytes are received or sent. The socket timeout is now the maximum total duration to write buf.

在 3.6 版之後被棄用: 請改用 send() 來替換掉 write()。

備註

The read() and write() methods are the low-level methods that read and write unencrypted, application-level data and decrypt/encrypt it to encrypted, wire-level data. These methods require an active SSL connection, i.e. the handshake was completed and SSLSocket.unwrap() was not called.

Normally you should use the socket API methods like recv() and send() instead of these methods.

SSLSocket.do_handshake()

Perform the SSL setup handshake.

在 3.4 版的變更: The handshake method also performs match_hostname() when the check_hostname attribute of the socket's context is true.

在 3.5 版的變更: The socket timeout is no longer reset each time bytes are received or sent. The socket timeout is now the maximum total duration of the handshake.

在 3.7 版的變更: Hostname or IP address is matched by OpenSSL during handshake. The function match_hostname() is no longer used. In case OpenSSL refuses a hostname or IP address, the handshake is aborted early and a TLS alert message is sent to the peer.

SSLSocket.getpeercert(binary_form=False)

If there is no certificate for the peer on the other end of the connection, return None. If the SSL handshake hasn't been done yet, raise ValueError.

If the binary_form parameter is False, and a certificate was received from the peer, this method returns a dict instance. If the certificate was not validated, the dict is empty. If the certificate was validated, it returns a dict with several keys, amongst them subject (the principal for which the certificate was issued) and issuer (the principal issuing the certificate). If a certificate contains an instance of the Subject Alternative Name extension (see RFC 3280), there will also be a subjectAltName key in the dictionary.

The subject and issuer fields are tuples containing the sequence of relative distinguished names (RDNs) given in the certificate's data structure for the respective fields, and each RDN is a sequence of name-value pairs. Here is a real-world example:

{'issuer': ((('countryName', 'IL'),),
            (('organizationName', 'StartCom Ltd.'),),
            (('organizationalUnitName',
              'Secure Digital Certificate Signing'),),
            (('commonName',
              'StartCom Class 2 Primary Intermediate Server CA'),)),
 'notAfter': 'Nov 22 08:15:19 2013 GMT',
 'notBefore': 'Nov 21 03:09:52 2011 GMT',
 'serialNumber': '95F0',
 'subject': ((('description', '571208-SLe257oHY9fVQ07Z'),),
             (('countryName', 'US'),),
             (('stateOrProvinceName', 'California'),),
             (('localityName', 'San Francisco'),),
             (('organizationName', 'Electronic Frontier Foundation, Inc.'),),
             (('commonName', '*.eff.org'),),
             (('emailAddress', 'hostmaster@eff.org'),)),
 'subjectAltName': (('DNS', '*.eff.org'), ('DNS', 'eff.org')),
 'version': 3}

If the binary_form parameter is True, and a certificate was provided, this method returns the DER-encoded form of the entire certificate as a sequence of bytes, or None if the peer did not provide a certificate. Whether the peer provides a certificate depends on the SSL socket's role:

  • for a client SSL socket, the server will always provide a certificate, regardless of whether validation was required;

  • for a server SSL socket, the client will only provide a certificate when requested by the server; therefore getpeercert() will return None if you used CERT_NONE (rather than CERT_OPTIONAL or CERT_REQUIRED).

請見 SSLContext.check_hostname。

在 3.2 版的變更: The returned dictionary includes additional items such as issuer and notBefore.

在 3.4 版的變更: ValueError is raised when the handshake isn't done. The returned dictionary includes additional X509v3 extension items such as crlDistributionPoints, caIssuers and OCSP URIs.

在 3.9 版的變更: IPv6 address strings no longer have a trailing new line.

SSLSocket.cipher()

Returns a three-value tuple containing the name of the cipher being used, the version of the SSL protocol that defines its use, and the number of secret bits being used. If no connection has been established, returns None.

SSLSocket.shared_ciphers()

Return the list of ciphers available in both the client and server. Each entry of the returned list is a three-value tuple containing the name of the cipher, the version of the SSL protocol that defines its use, and the number of secret bits the cipher uses. shared_ciphers() returns None if no connection has been established or the socket is a client socket.

在 3.5 版新加入.

SSLSocket.compression()

Return the compression algorithm being used as a string, or None if the connection isn't compressed.

If the higher-level protocol supports its own compression mechanism, you can use OP_NO_COMPRESSION to disable SSL-level compression.

在 3.3 版新加入.

SSLSocket.get_channel_binding(cb_type='tls-unique')

Get channel binding data for current connection, as a bytes object. Returns None if not connected or the handshake has not been completed.

The cb_type parameter allow selection of the desired channel binding type. Valid channel binding types are listed in the CHANNEL_BINDING_TYPES list. Currently only the 'tls-unique' channel binding, defined by RFC 5929, is supported. ValueError will be raised if an unsupported channel binding type is requested.

在 3.3 版新加入.

SSLSocket.selected_alpn_protocol()

Return the protocol that was selected during the TLS handshake. If SSLContext.set_alpn_protocols() was not called, if the other party does not support ALPN, if this socket does not support any of the client's proposed protocols, or if the handshake has not happened yet, None is returned.

在 3.5 版新加入.

SSLSocket.selected_npn_protocol()

Return the higher-level protocol that was selected during the TLS/SSL handshake. If SSLContext.set_npn_protocols() was not called, or if the other party does not support NPN, or if the handshake has not yet happened, this will return None.

在 3.3 版新加入.

在 3.10 版之後被棄用: NPN has been superseded by ALPN

SSLSocket.unwrap()

Performs the SSL shutdown handshake, which removes the TLS layer from the underlying socket, and returns the underlying socket object. This can be used to go from encrypted operation over a connection to unencrypted. The returned socket should always be used for further communication with the other side of the connection, rather than the original socket.

SSLSocket.verify_client_post_handshake()

Requests post-handshake authentication (PHA) from a TLS 1.3 client. PHA can only be initiated for a TLS 1.3 connection from a server-side socket, after the initial TLS handshake and with PHA enabled on both sides, see SSLContext.post_handshake_auth.

The method does not perform a cert exchange immediately. The server-side sends a CertificateRequest during the next write event and expects the client to respond with a certificate on the next read event.

If any precondition isn't met (e.g. not TLS 1.3, PHA not enabled), an SSLError is raised.

備註

Only available with OpenSSL 1.1.1 and TLS 1.3 enabled. Without TLS 1.3 support, the method raises NotImplementedError.

在 3.8 版新加入.

SSLSocket.version()

Return the actual SSL protocol version negotiated by the connection as a string, or None if no secure connection is established. As of this writing, possible return values include "SSLv2", "SSLv3", "TLSv1", "TLSv1.1" and "TLSv1.2". Recent OpenSSL versions may define more return values.

在 3.5 版新加入.

SSLSocket.pending()

Returns the number of already decrypted bytes available for read, pending on the connection.

SSLSocket.context

The SSLContext object this SSL socket is tied to.

在 3.2 版新加入.

SSLSocket.server_side

A boolean which is True for server-side sockets and False for client-side sockets.

在 3.2 版新加入.

SSLSocket.server_hostname

Hostname of the server: str type, or None for server-side socket or if the hostname was not specified in the constructor.

在 3.2 版新加入.

在 3.7 版的變更: The attribute is now always ASCII text. When server_hostname is an internationalized domain name (IDN), this attribute now stores the A-label form ("xn--pythn-mua.org"), rather than the U-label form ("pythön.org").

SSLSocket.session

The SSLSession for this SSL connection. The session is available for client and server side sockets after the TLS handshake has been performed. For client sockets the session can be set before do_handshake() has been called to reuse a session.

在 3.6 版新加入.

SSLSocket.session_reused

在 3.6 版新加入.

SSL Contexts

在 3.2 版新加入.

An SSL context holds various data longer-lived than single SSL connections, such as SSL configuration options, certificate(s) and private key(s). It also manages a cache of SSL sessions for server-side sockets, in order to speed up repeated connections from the same clients.

class ssl.SSLContext(protocol=None)

Create a new SSL context. You may pass protocol which must be one of the PROTOCOL_* constants defined in this module. The parameter specifies which version of the SSL protocol to use. Typically, the server chooses a particular protocol version, and the client must adapt to the server's choice. Most of the versions are not interoperable with the other versions. If not specified, the default is PROTOCOL_TLS; it provides the most compatibility with other versions.

Here's a table showing which versions in a client (down the side) can connect to which versions in a server (along the top):

client / server

SSLv2

SSLv3

TLS [3]

TLSv1

TLSv1.1

TLSv1.2

SSLv2

yes

no

no [1]

no

no

no

SSLv3

no

yes

no [2]

no

no

no

TLS (SSLv23) [3]

no [1]

no [2]

yes

yes

yes

yes

TLSv1

no

no

yes

yes

no

no

TLSv1.1

no

no

yes

no

yes

no

TLSv1.2

no

no

yes

no

no

yes

註解

也參考

create_default_context() lets the ssl module choose security settings for a given purpose.

在 3.6 版的變更: The context is created with secure default values. The options OP_NO_COMPRESSION, OP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCE, OP_SINGLE_DH_USE, OP_SINGLE_ECDH_USE, OP_NO_SSLv2, and OP_NO_SSLv3 (except for PROTOCOL_SSLv3) are set by default. The initial cipher suite list contains only HIGH ciphers, no NULL ciphers and no MD5 ciphers.

在 3.10 版之後被棄用: SSLContext without protocol argument is deprecated. The context class will either require PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT or PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER protocol in the future.

在 3.10 版的變更: The default cipher suites now include only secure AES and ChaCha20 ciphers with forward secrecy and security level 2. RSA and DH keys with less than 2048 bits and ECC keys with less than 224 bits are prohibited. PROTOCOL_TLS, PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT, and PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER use TLS 1.2 as minimum TLS version.

SSLContext objects have the following methods and attributes:

SSLContext.cert_store_stats()

Get statistics about quantities of loaded X.509 certificates, count of X.509 certificates flagged as CA certificates and certificate revocation lists as dictionary.

Example for a context with one CA cert and one other cert:

>>> context.cert_store_stats()
{'crl': 0, 'x509_ca': 1, 'x509': 2}

在 3.4 版新加入.

SSLContext.load_cert_chain(certfile, keyfile=None, password=None)

Load a private key and the corresponding certificate. The certfile string must be the path to a single file in PEM format containing the certificate as well as any number of CA certificates needed to establish the certificate's authenticity. The keyfile string, if present, must point to a file containing the private key. Otherwise the private key will be taken from certfile as well. See the discussion of Certificates for more information on how the certificate is stored in the certfile.

The password argument may be a function to call to get the password for decrypting the private key. It will only be called if the private key is encrypted and a password is necessary. It will be called with no arguments, and it should return a string, bytes, or bytearray. If the return value is a string it will be encoded as UTF-8 before using it to decrypt the key. Alternatively a string, bytes, or bytearray value may be supplied directly as the password argument. It will be ignored if the private key is not encrypted and no password is needed.

If the password argument is not specified and a password is required, OpenSSL's built-in password prompting mechanism will be used to interactively prompt the user for a password.

An SSLError is raised if the private key doesn't match with the certificate.

在 3.3 版的變更: New optional argument password.

SSLContext.load_default_certs(purpose=Purpose.SERVER_AUTH)

Load a set of default "certification authority" (CA) certificates from default locations. On Windows it loads CA certs from the CA and ROOT system stores. On all systems it calls SSLContext.set_default_verify_paths(). In the future the method may load CA certificates from other locations, too.

The purpose flag specifies what kind of CA certificates are loaded. The default settings Purpose.SERVER_AUTH loads certificates, that are flagged and trusted for TLS web server authentication (client side sockets). Purpose.CLIENT_AUTH loads CA certificates for client certificate verification on the server side.

在 3.4 版新加入.

SSLContext.load_verify_locations(cafile=None, capath=None, cadata=None)

Load a set of "certification authority" (CA) certificates used to validate other peers' certificates when verify_mode is other than CERT_NONE. At least one of cafile or capath must be specified.

This method can also load certification revocation lists (CRLs) in PEM or DER format. In order to make use of CRLs, SSLContext.verify_flags must be configured properly.

The cafile string, if present, is the path to a file of concatenated CA certificates in PEM format. See the discussion of Certificates for more information about how to arrange the certificates in this file.

The capath string, if present, is the path to a directory containing several CA certificates in PEM format, following an OpenSSL specific layout.

The cadata object, if present, is either an ASCII string of one or more PEM-encoded certificates or a bytes-like object of DER-encoded certificates. Like with capath extra lines around PEM-encoded certificates are ignored but at least one certificate must be present.

在 3.4 版的變更: New optional argument cadata

SSLContext.get_ca_certs(binary_form=False)

Get a list of loaded "certification authority" (CA) certificates. If the binary_form parameter is False each list entry is a dict like the output of SSLSocket.getpeercert(). Otherwise the method returns a list of DER-encoded certificates. The returned list does not contain certificates from capath unless a certificate was requested and loaded by a SSL connection.

備註

Certificates in a capath directory aren't loaded unless they have been used at least once.

在 3.4 版新加入.

SSLContext.get_ciphers()

Get a list of enabled ciphers. The list is in order of cipher priority. See SSLContext.set_ciphers().

範例：

>>> ctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23)
>>> ctx.set_ciphers('ECDHE+AESGCM:!ECDSA')
>>> ctx.get_ciphers()
[{'aead': True,
  'alg_bits': 256,
  'auth': 'auth-rsa',
  'description': 'ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 TLSv1.2 Kx=ECDH     Au=RSA  '
                 'Enc=AESGCM(256) Mac=AEAD',
  'digest': None,
  'id': 50380848,
  'kea': 'kx-ecdhe',
  'name': 'ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384',
  'protocol': 'TLSv1.2',
  'strength_bits': 256,
  'symmetric': 'aes-256-gcm'},
 {'aead': True,
  'alg_bits': 128,
  'auth': 'auth-rsa',
  'description': 'ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 TLSv1.2 Kx=ECDH     Au=RSA  '
                 'Enc=AESGCM(128) Mac=AEAD',
  'digest': None,
  'id': 50380847,
  'kea': 'kx-ecdhe',
  'name': 'ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256',
  'protocol': 'TLSv1.2',
  'strength_bits': 128,
  'symmetric': 'aes-128-gcm'}]

在 3.6 版新加入.

SSLContext.set_default_verify_paths()

Load a set of default "certification authority" (CA) certificates from a filesystem path defined when building the OpenSSL library. Unfortunately, there's no easy way to know whether this method succeeds: no error is returned if no certificates are to be found. When the OpenSSL library is provided as part of the operating system, though, it is likely to be configured properly.

SSLContext.set_ciphers(ciphers)

Set the available ciphers for sockets created with this context. It should be a string in the OpenSSL cipher list format. If no cipher can be selected (because compile-time options or other configuration forbids use of all the specified ciphers), an SSLError will be raised.

備註

when connected, the SSLSocket.cipher() method of SSL sockets will give the currently selected cipher.

TLS 1.3 cipher suites cannot be disabled with set_ciphers().

SSLContext.set_alpn_protocols(protocols)

Specify which protocols the socket should advertise during the SSL/TLS handshake. It should be a list of ASCII strings, like ['http/1.1', 'spdy/2'], ordered by preference. The selection of a protocol will happen during the handshake, and will play out according to RFC 7301. After a successful handshake, the SSLSocket.selected_alpn_protocol() method will return the agreed-upon protocol.

This method will raise NotImplementedError if HAS_ALPN is False.

在 3.5 版新加入.

SSLContext.set_npn_protocols(protocols)

Specify which protocols the socket should advertise during the SSL/TLS handshake. It should be a list of strings, like ['http/1.1', 'spdy/2'], ordered by preference. The selection of a protocol will happen during the handshake, and will play out according to the Application Layer Protocol Negotiation. After a successful handshake, the SSLSocket.selected_npn_protocol() method will return the agreed-upon protocol.

This method will raise NotImplementedError if HAS_NPN is False.

在 3.3 版新加入.

在 3.10 版之後被棄用: NPN has been superseded by ALPN

SSLContext.sni_callback

Register a callback function that will be called after the TLS Client Hello handshake message has been received by the SSL/TLS server when the TLS client specifies a server name indication. The server name indication mechanism is specified in RFC 6066 section 3 - Server Name Indication.

Only one callback can be set per SSLContext. If sni_callback is set to None then the callback is disabled. Calling this function a subsequent time will disable the previously registered callback.

The callback function will be called with three arguments; the first being the ssl.SSLSocket, the second is a string that represents the server name that the client is intending to communicate (or None if the TLS Client Hello does not contain a server name) and the third argument is the original SSLContext. The server name argument is text. For internationalized domain name, the server name is an IDN A-label ("xn--pythn-mua.org").

A typical use of this callback is to change the ssl.SSLSocket's SSLSocket.context attribute to a new object of type SSLContext representing a certificate chain that matches the server name.

Due to the early negotiation phase of the TLS connection, only limited methods and attributes are usable like SSLSocket.selected_alpn_protocol() and SSLSocket.context. The SSLSocket.getpeercert(), SSLSocket.cipher() and SSLSocket.compression() methods require that the TLS connection has progressed beyond the TLS Client Hello and therefore will not return meaningful values nor can they be called safely.

The sni_callback function must return None to allow the TLS negotiation to continue. If a TLS failure is required, a constant ALERT_DESCRIPTION_* can be returned. Other return values will result in a TLS fatal error with ALERT_DESCRIPTION_INTERNAL_ERROR.

If an exception is raised from the sni_callback function the TLS connection will terminate with a fatal TLS alert message ALERT_DESCRIPTION_HANDSHAKE_FAILURE.

This method will raise NotImplementedError if the OpenSSL library had OPENSSL_NO_TLSEXT defined when it was built.

在 3.7 版新加入.

SSLContext.set_servername_callback(server_name_callback)

This is a legacy API retained for backwards compatibility. When possible, you should use sni_callback instead. The given server_name_callback is similar to sni_callback, except that when the server hostname is an IDN-encoded internationalized domain name, the server_name_callback receives a decoded U-label ("pythön.org").

If there is an decoding error on the server name, the TLS connection will terminate with an ALERT_DESCRIPTION_INTERNAL_ERROR fatal TLS alert message to the client.

在 3.4 版新加入.

SSLContext.load_dh_params(dhfile)

Load the key generation parameters for Diffie-Hellman (DH) key exchange. Using DH key exchange improves forward secrecy at the expense of computational resources (both on the server and on the client). The dhfile parameter should be the path to a file containing DH parameters in PEM format.

This setting doesn't apply to client sockets. You can also use the OP_SINGLE_DH_USE option to further improve security.

在 3.3 版新加入.

SSLContext.set_ecdh_curve(curve_name)

Set the curve name for Elliptic Curve-based Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) key exchange. ECDH is significantly faster than regular DH while arguably as secure. The curve_name parameter should be a string describing a well-known elliptic curve, for example prime256v1 for a widely supported curve.

This setting doesn't apply to client sockets. You can also use the OP_SINGLE_ECDH_USE option to further improve security.

This method is not available if HAS_ECDH is False.

在 3.3 版新加入.

也參考

SSL/TLS & Perfect Forward Secrecy

Vincent Bernat.

SSLContext.wrap_socket(sock, server_side=False, do_handshake_on_connect=True, suppress_ragged_eofs=True, server_hostname=None, session=None)

Wrap an existing Python socket sock and return an instance of SSLContext.sslsocket_class (default SSLSocket). The returned SSL socket is tied to the context, its settings and certificates. sock must be a SOCK_STREAM socket; other socket types are unsupported.

The parameter server_side is a boolean which identifies whether server-side or client-side behavior is desired from this socket.

For client-side sockets, the context construction is lazy; if the underlying socket isn't connected yet, the context construction will be performed after connect() is called on the socket. For server-side sockets, if the socket has no remote peer, it is assumed to be a listening socket, and the server-side SSL wrapping is automatically performed on client connections accepted via the accept() method. The method may raise SSLError.

On client connections, the optional parameter server_hostname specifies the hostname of the service which we are connecting to. This allows a single server to host multiple SSL-based services with distinct certificates, quite similarly to HTTP virtual hosts. Specifying server_hostname will raise a ValueError if server_side is true.

The parameter do_handshake_on_connect specifies whether to do the SSL handshake automatically after doing a socket.connect(), or whether the application program will call it explicitly, by invoking the SSLSocket.do_handshake() method. Calling SSLSocket.do_handshake() explicitly gives the program control over the blocking behavior of the socket I/O involved in the handshake.

The parameter suppress_ragged_eofs specifies how the SSLSocket.recv() method should signal unexpected EOF from the other end of the connection. If specified as True (the default), it returns a normal EOF (an empty bytes object) in response to unexpected EOF errors raised from the underlying socket; if False, it will raise the exceptions back to the caller.

session, see session.

在 3.5 版的變更: Always allow a server_hostname to be passed, even if OpenSSL does not have SNI.

在 3.6 版的變更: 新增 session 引數。

在 3.7 版的變更: The method returns an instance of SSLContext.sslsocket_class instead of hard-coded SSLSocket.

SSLContext.sslsocket_class

The return type of SSLContext.wrap_socket(), defaults to SSLSocket. The attribute can be overridden on instance of class in order to return a custom subclass of SSLSocket.

在 3.7 版新加入.

SSLContext.wrap_bio(incoming, outgoing, server_side=False, server_hostname=None, session=None)

Wrap the BIO objects incoming and outgoing and return an instance of SSLContext.sslobject_class (default SSLObject). The SSL routines will read input data from the incoming BIO and write data to the outgoing BIO.

The server_side, server_hostname and session parameters have the same meaning as in SSLContext.wrap_socket().

在 3.6 版的變更: 新增 session 引數。

在 3.7 版的變更: The method returns an instance of SSLContext.sslobject_class instead of hard-coded SSLObject.

SSLContext.sslobject_class

The return type of SSLContext.wrap_bio(), defaults to SSLObject. The attribute can be overridden on instance of class in order to return a custom subclass of SSLObject.

在 3.7 版新加入.

SSLContext.session_stats()

Get statistics about the SSL sessions created or managed by this context. A dictionary is returned which maps the names of each piece of information to their numeric values. For example, here is the total number of hits and misses in the session cache since the context was created:

>>> stats = context.session_stats()
>>> stats['hits'], stats['misses']
(0, 0)
SSLContext.check_hostname

Whether to match the peer cert's hostname in SSLSocket.do_handshake(). The context's verify_mode must be set to CERT_OPTIONAL or CERT_REQUIRED, and you must pass server_hostname to wrap_socket() in order to match the hostname. Enabling hostname checking automatically sets verify_mode from CERT_NONE to CERT_REQUIRED. It cannot be set back to CERT_NONE as long as hostname checking is enabled. The PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT protocol enables hostname checking by default. With other protocols, hostname checking must be enabled explicitly.

範例：

import socket, ssl

context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2)
context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
context.check_hostname = True
context.load_default_certs()

s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
ssl_sock = context.wrap_socket(s, server_hostname='www.verisign.com')
ssl_sock.connect(('www.verisign.com', 443))

在 3.4 版新加入.

在 3.7 版的變更: verify_mode is now automatically changed to CERT_REQUIRED when hostname checking is enabled and verify_mode is CERT_NONE. Previously the same operation would have failed with a ValueError.

SSLContext.keylog_filename

Write TLS keys to a keylog file, whenever key material is generated or received. The keylog file is designed for debugging purposes only. The file format is specified by NSS and used by many traffic analyzers such as Wireshark. The log file is opened in append-only mode. Writes are synchronized between threads, but not between processes.

在 3.8 版新加入.

SSLContext.maximum_version

A TLSVersion enum member representing the highest supported TLS version. The value defaults to TLSVersion.MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED. The attribute is read-only for protocols other than PROTOCOL_TLS, PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT, and PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER.

The attributes maximum_version, minimum_version and SSLContext.options all affect the supported SSL and TLS versions of the context. The implementation does not prevent invalid combination. For example a context with OP_NO_TLSv1_2 in options and maximum_version set to TLSVersion.TLSv1_2 will not be able to establish a TLS 1.2 connection.

在 3.7 版新加入.

SSLContext.minimum_version

Like SSLContext.maximum_version except it is the lowest supported version or TLSVersion.MINIMUM_SUPPORTED.

在 3.7 版新加入.

SSLContext.num_tickets

Control the number of TLS 1.3 session tickets of a PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER context. The setting has no impact on TLS 1.0 to 1.2 connections.

在 3.8 版新加入.

SSLContext.options

An integer representing the set of SSL options enabled on this context. The default value is OP_ALL, but you can specify other options such as OP_NO_SSLv2 by ORing them together.

在 3.6 版的變更: SSLContext.options returns Options flags:

>>> ssl.create_default_context().options  
<Options.OP_ALL|OP_NO_SSLv3|OP_NO_SSLv2|OP_NO_COMPRESSION: 2197947391>

在 3.7 版之後被棄用: All OP_NO_SSL* and OP_NO_TLS* options have been deprecated since Python 3.7. Use SSLContext.minimum_version and SSLContext.maximum_version instead.

SSLContext.post_handshake_auth

Enable TLS 1.3 post-handshake client authentication. Post-handshake auth is disabled by default and a server can only request a TLS client certificate during the initial handshake. When enabled, a server may request a TLS client certificate at any time after the handshake.

When enabled on client-side sockets, the client signals the server that it supports post-handshake authentication.

When enabled on server-side sockets, SSLContext.verify_mode must be set to CERT_OPTIONAL or CERT_REQUIRED, too. The actual client cert exchange is delayed until SSLSocket.verify_client_post_handshake() is called and some I/O is performed.

在 3.8 版新加入.

SSLContext.protocol

The protocol version chosen when constructing the context. This attribute is read-only.

SSLContext.hostname_checks_common_name

Whether check_hostname falls back to verify the cert's subject common name in the absence of a subject alternative name extension (default: true).

在 3.7 版新加入.

在 3.10 版的變更: The flag had no effect with OpenSSL before version 1.1.1k. Python 3.8.9, 3.9.3, and 3.10 include workarounds for previous versions.

SSLContext.security_level

An integer representing the security level for the context. This attribute is read-only.

在 3.10 版新加入.

SSLContext.verify_flags

The flags for certificate verification operations. You can set flags like VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_LEAF by ORing them together. By default OpenSSL does neither require nor verify certificate revocation lists (CRLs).

在 3.4 版新加入.

在 3.6 版的變更: SSLContext.verify_flags returns VerifyFlags flags:

>>> ssl.create_default_context().verify_flags  
<VerifyFlags.VERIFY_X509_TRUSTED_FIRST: 32768>
SSLContext.verify_mode

Whether to try to verify other peers' certificates and how to behave if verification fails. This attribute must be one of CERT_NONE, CERT_OPTIONAL or CERT_REQUIRED.

在 3.6 版的變更: SSLContext.verify_mode returns VerifyMode enum:

>>> ssl.create_default_context().verify_mode  
<VerifyMode.CERT_REQUIRED: 2>

Certificates

Certificates in general are part of a public-key / private-key system. In this system, each principal, (which may be a machine, or a person, or an organization) is assigned a unique two-part encryption key. One part of the key is public, and is called the public key; the other part is kept secret, and is called the private key. The two parts are related, in that if you encrypt a message with one of the parts, you can decrypt it with the other part, and only with the other part.

A certificate contains information about two principals. It contains the name of a subject, and the subject's public key. It also contains a statement by a second principal, the issuer, that the subject is who they claim to be, and that this is indeed the subject's public key. The issuer's statement is signed with the issuer's private key, which only the issuer knows. However, anyone can verify the issuer's statement by finding the issuer's public key, decrypting the statement with it, and comparing it to the other information in the certificate. The certificate also contains information about the time period over which it is valid. This is expressed as two fields, called "notBefore" and "notAfter".

In the Python use of certificates, a client or server can use a certificate to prove who they are. The other side of a network connection can also be required to produce a certificate, and that certificate can be validated to the satisfaction of the client or server that requires such validation. The connection attempt can be set to raise an exception if the validation fails. Validation is done automatically, by the underlying OpenSSL framework; the application need not concern itself with its mechanics. But the application does usually need to provide sets of certificates to allow this process to take place.

Python uses files to contain certificates. They should be formatted as "PEM" (see RFC 1422), which is a base-64 encoded form wrapped with a header line and a footer line:

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
... (certificate in base64 PEM encoding) ...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----

Certificate chains

The Python files which contain certificates can contain a sequence of certificates, sometimes called a certificate chain. This chain should start with the specific certificate for the principal who "is" the client or server, and then the certificate for the issuer of that certificate, and then the certificate for the issuer of that certificate, and so on up the chain till you get to a certificate which is self-signed, that is, a certificate which has the same subject and issuer, sometimes called a root certificate. The certificates should just be concatenated together in the certificate file. For example, suppose we had a three certificate chain, from our server certificate to the certificate of the certification authority that signed our server certificate, to the root certificate of the agency which issued the certification authority's certificate:

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
... (certificate for your server)...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
... (the certificate for the CA)...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
... (the root certificate for the CA's issuer)...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----

CA certificates

If you are going to require validation of the other side of the connection's certificate, you need to provide a "CA certs" file, filled with the certificate chains for each issuer you are willing to trust. Again, this file just contains these chains concatenated together. For validation, Python will use the first chain it finds in the file which matches. The platform's certificates file can be used by calling SSLContext.load_default_certs(), this is done automatically with create_default_context().

Combined key and certificate

Often the private key is stored in the same file as the certificate; in this case, only the certfile parameter to SSLContext.load_cert_chain() needs to be passed. If the private key is stored with the certificate, it should come before the first certificate in the certificate chain:

-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
... (private key in base64 encoding) ...
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
... (certificate in base64 PEM encoding) ...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----

Self-signed certificates

If you are going to create a server that provides SSL-encrypted connection services, you will need to acquire a certificate for that service. There are many ways of acquiring appropriate certificates, such as buying one from a certification authority. Another common practice is to generate a self-signed certificate. The simplest way to do this is with the OpenSSL package, using something like the following:

% openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -nodes -out cert.pem -keyout cert.pem
Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key
.......++++++
.............................++++++
writing new private key to 'cert.pem'
-----
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:US
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:MyState
Locality Name (eg, city) []:Some City
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:My Organization, Inc.
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:My Group
Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []:myserver.mygroup.myorganization.com
Email Address []:ops@myserver.mygroup.myorganization.com
%

The disadvantage of a self-signed certificate is that it is its own root certificate, and no one else will have it in their cache of known (and trusted) root certificates.

範例

Testing for SSL support

To test for the presence of SSL support in a Python installation, user code should use the following idiom:

try:
    import ssl
except ImportError:
    pass
else:
    ...  # do something that requires SSL support

Client-side operation

This example creates a SSL context with the recommended security settings for client sockets, including automatic certificate verification:

>>> context = ssl.create_default_context()

If you prefer to tune security settings yourself, you might create a context from scratch (but beware that you might not get the settings right):

>>> context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
>>> context.load_verify_locations("/etc/ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt")

(this snippet assumes your operating system places a bundle of all CA certificates in /etc/ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt; if not, you'll get an error and have to adjust the location)

The PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT protocol configures the context for cert validation and hostname verification. verify_mode is set to CERT_REQUIRED and check_hostname is set to True. All other protocols create SSL contexts with insecure defaults.

When you use the context to connect to a server, CERT_REQUIRED and check_hostname validate the server certificate: it ensures that the server certificate was signed with one of the CA certificates, checks the signature for correctness, and verifies other properties like validity and identity of the hostname:

>>> conn = context.wrap_socket(socket.socket(socket.AF_INET),
...                            server_hostname="www.python.org")
>>> conn.connect(("www.python.org", 443))

You may then fetch the certificate:

>>> cert = conn.getpeercert()

Visual inspection shows that the certificate does identify the desired service (that is, the HTTPS host www.python.org):

>>> pprint.pprint(cert)
{'OCSP': ('http://ocsp.digicert.com',),
 'caIssuers': ('http://cacerts.digicert.com/DigiCertSHA2ExtendedValidationServerCA.crt',),
 'crlDistributionPoints': ('http://crl3.digicert.com/sha2-ev-server-g1.crl',
                           'http://crl4.digicert.com/sha2-ev-server-g1.crl'),
 'issuer': ((('countryName', 'US'),),
            (('organizationName', 'DigiCert Inc'),),
            (('organizationalUnitName', 'www.digicert.com'),),
            (('commonName', 'DigiCert SHA2 Extended Validation Server CA'),)),
 'notAfter': 'Sep  9 12:00:00 2016 GMT',
 'notBefore': 'Sep  5 00:00:00 2014 GMT',
 'serialNumber': '01BB6F00122B177F36CAB49CEA8B6B26',
 'subject': ((('businessCategory', 'Private Organization'),),
             (('1.3.6.1.4.1.311.60.2.1.3', 'US'),),
             (('1.3.6.1.4.1.311.60.2.1.2', 'Delaware'),),
             (('serialNumber', '3359300'),),
             (('streetAddress', '16 Allen Rd'),),
             (('postalCode', '03894-4801'),),
             (('countryName', 'US'),),
             (('stateOrProvinceName', 'NH'),),
             (('localityName', 'Wolfeboro'),),
             (('organizationName', 'Python Software Foundation'),),
             (('commonName', 'www.python.org'),)),
 'subjectAltName': (('DNS', 'www.python.org'),
                    ('DNS', 'python.org'),
                    ('DNS', 'pypi.org'),
                    ('DNS', 'docs.python.org'),
                    ('DNS', 'testpypi.org'),
                    ('DNS', 'bugs.python.org'),
                    ('DNS', 'wiki.python.org'),
                    ('DNS', 'hg.python.org'),
                    ('DNS', 'mail.python.org'),
                    ('DNS', 'packaging.python.org'),
                    ('DNS', 'pythonhosted.org'),
                    ('DNS', 'www.pythonhosted.org'),
                    ('DNS', 'test.pythonhosted.org'),
                    ('DNS', 'us.pycon.org'),
                    ('DNS', 'id.python.org')),
 'version': 3}

Now the SSL channel is established and the certificate verified, you can proceed to talk with the server:

>>> conn.sendall(b"HEAD / HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: linuxfr.org\r\n\r\n")
>>> pprint.pprint(conn.recv(1024).split(b"\r\n"))
[b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK',
 b'Date: Sat, 18 Oct 2014 18:27:20 GMT',
 b'Server: nginx',
 b'Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8',
 b'X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN',
 b'Content-Length: 45679',
 b'Accept-Ranges: bytes',
 b'Via: 1.1 varnish',
 b'Age: 2188',
 b'X-Served-By: cache-lcy1134-LCY',
 b'X-Cache: HIT',
 b'X-Cache-Hits: 11',
 b'Vary: Cookie',
 b'Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains',
 b'Connection: close',
 b'',
 b'']

參閱下方 Security considerations 的討論。

Server-side operation

For server operation, typically you'll need to have a server certificate, and private key, each in a file. You'll first create a context holding the key and the certificate, so that clients can check your authenticity. Then you'll open a socket, bind it to a port, call listen() on it, and start waiting for clients to connect:

import socket, ssl

context = ssl.create_default_context(ssl.Purpose.CLIENT_AUTH)
context.load_cert_chain(certfile="mycertfile", keyfile="mykeyfile")

bindsocket = socket.socket()
bindsocket.bind(('myaddr.example.com', 10023))
bindsocket.listen(5)

When a client connects, you'll call accept() on the socket to get the new socket from the other end, and use the context's SSLContext.wrap_socket() method to create a server-side SSL socket for the connection:

while True:
    newsocket, fromaddr = bindsocket.accept()
    connstream = context.wrap_socket(newsocket, server_side=True)
    try:
        deal_with_client(connstream)
    finally:
        connstream.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
        connstream.close()

Then you'll read data from the connstream and do something with it till you are finished with the client (or the client is finished with you):

def deal_with_client(connstream):
    data = connstream.recv(1024)
    # empty data means the client is finished with us
    while data:
        if not do_something(connstream, data):
            # we'll assume do_something returns False
            # when we're finished with client
            break
        data = connstream.recv(1024)
    # finished with client

And go back to listening for new client connections (of course, a real server would probably handle each client connection in a separate thread, or put the sockets in non-blocking mode and use an event loop).

Notes on non-blocking sockets

SSL sockets behave slightly different than regular sockets in non-blocking mode. When working with non-blocking sockets, there are thus several things you need to be aware of:

  • Most SSLSocket methods will raise either SSLWantWriteError or SSLWantReadError instead of BlockingIOError if an I/O operation would block. SSLWantReadError will be raised if a read operation on the underlying socket is necessary, and SSLWantWriteError for a write operation on the underlying socket. Note that attempts to write to an SSL socket may require reading from the underlying socket first, and attempts to read from the SSL socket may require a prior write to the underlying socket.

    在 3.5 版的變更: In earlier Python versions, the SSLSocket.send() method returned zero instead of raising SSLWantWriteError or SSLWantReadError.

  • Calling select() tells you that the OS-level socket can be read from (or written to), but it does not imply that there is sufficient data at the upper SSL layer. For example, only part of an SSL frame might have arrived. Therefore, you must be ready to handle SSLSocket.recv() and SSLSocket.send() failures, and retry after another call to select().

  • Conversely, since the SSL layer has its own framing, a SSL socket may still have data available for reading without select() being aware of it. Therefore, you should first call SSLSocket.recv() to drain any potentially available data, and then only block on a select() call if still necessary.

    (of course, similar provisions apply when using other primitives such as poll(), or those in the selectors module)

  • The SSL handshake itself will be non-blocking: the SSLSocket.do_handshake() method has to be retried until it returns successfully. Here is a synopsis using select() to wait for the socket's readiness:

    while True:
    try:
        sock.do_handshake()
        break
    except ssl.SSLWantReadError:
        select.select([sock], [], [])
    except ssl.SSLWantWriteError:
        select.select([], [sock], [])

也參考

The asyncio module supports non-blocking SSL sockets and provides a higher level API. It polls for events using the selectors module and handles SSLWantWriteError, SSLWantReadError and BlockingIOError exceptions. It runs the SSL handshake asynchronously as well.

Memory BIO Support

在 3.5 版新加入.

Ever since the SSL module was introduced in Python 2.6, the SSLSocket class has provided two related but distinct areas of functionality:

  • SSL protocol handling

  • Network IO

The network IO API is identical to that provided by socket.socket, from which SSLSocket also inherits. This allows an SSL socket to be used as a drop-in replacement for a regular socket, making it very easy to add SSL support to an existing application.

Combining SSL protocol handling and network IO usually works well, but there are some cases where it doesn't. An example is async IO frameworks that want to use a different IO multiplexing model than the "select/poll on a file descriptor" (readiness based) model that is assumed by socket.socket and by the internal OpenSSL socket IO routines. This is mostly relevant for platforms like Windows where this model is not efficient. For this purpose, a reduced scope variant of SSLSocket called SSLObject is provided.

class ssl.SSLObject

A reduced-scope variant of SSLSocket representing an SSL protocol instance that does not contain any network IO methods. This class is typically used by framework authors that want to implement asynchronous IO for SSL through memory buffers.

This class implements an interface on top of a low-level SSL object as implemented by OpenSSL. This object captures the state of an SSL connection but does not provide any network IO itself. IO needs to be performed through separate "BIO" objects which are OpenSSL's IO abstraction layer.

This class has no public constructor. An SSLObject instance must be created using the wrap_bio() method. This method will create the SSLObject instance and bind it to a pair of BIOs. The incoming BIO is used to pass data from Python to the SSL protocol instance, while the outgoing BIO is used to pass data the other way around.

The following methods are available:

When compared to SSLSocket, this object lacks the following features:

  • Any form of network IO; recv() and send() read and write only to the underlying MemoryBIO buffers.

  • There is no do_handshake_on_connect machinery. You must always manually call do_handshake() to start the handshake.

  • There is no handling of suppress_ragged_eofs. All end-of-file conditions that are in violation of the protocol are reported via the SSLEOFError exception.

  • The method unwrap() call does not return anything, unlike for an SSL socket where it returns the underlying socket.

  • The server_name_callback callback passed to SSLContext.set_servername_callback() will get an SSLObject instance instead of a SSLSocket instance as its first parameter.

Some notes related to the use of SSLObject:

在 3.7 版的變更: SSLObject instances must to created with wrap_bio(). In earlier versions, it was possible to create instances directly. This was never documented or officially supported.

An SSLObject communicates with the outside world using memory buffers. The class MemoryBIO provides a memory buffer that can be used for this purpose. It wraps an OpenSSL memory BIO (Basic IO) object:

class ssl.MemoryBIO

A memory buffer that can be used to pass data between Python and an SSL protocol instance.

pending

Return the number of bytes currently in the memory buffer.

eof

A boolean indicating whether the memory BIO is current at the end-of-file position.

read(n=-1)

Read up to n bytes from the memory buffer. If n is not specified or negative, all bytes are returned.

write(buf)

Write the bytes from buf to the memory BIO. The buf argument must be an object supporting the buffer protocol.

The return value is the number of bytes written, which is always equal to the length of buf.

write_eof()

Write an EOF marker to the memory BIO. After this method has been called, it is illegal to call write(). The attribute eof will become true after all data currently in the buffer has been read.

SSL session

在 3.6 版新加入.

class ssl.SSLSession

Session object used by session.

id
time
timeout
ticket_lifetime_hint
has_ticket

Security considerations

Best defaults

For client use, if you don't have any special requirements for your security policy, it is highly recommended that you use the create_default_context() function to create your SSL context. It will load the system's trusted CA certificates, enable certificate validation and hostname checking, and try to choose reasonably secure protocol and cipher settings.

For example, here is how you would use the smtplib.SMTP class to create a trusted, secure connection to a SMTP server:

>>> import ssl, smtplib
>>> smtp = smtplib.SMTP("mail.python.org", port=587)
>>> context = ssl.create_default_context()
>>> smtp.starttls(context=context)
(220, b'2.0.0 Ready to start TLS')

If a client certificate is needed for the connection, it can be added with SSLContext.load_cert_chain().

By contrast, if you create the SSL context by calling the SSLContext constructor yourself, it will not have certificate validation nor hostname checking enabled by default. If you do so, please read the paragraphs below to achieve a good security level.

手動設定

驗證憑證

When calling the SSLContext constructor directly, CERT_NONE is the default. Since it does not authenticate the other peer, it can be insecure, especially in client mode where most of time you would like to ensure the authenticity of the server you're talking to. Therefore, when in client mode, it is highly recommended to use CERT_REQUIRED. However, it is in itself not sufficient; you also have to check that the server certificate, which can be obtained by calling SSLSocket.getpeercert(), matches the desired service. For many protocols and applications, the service can be identified by the hostname. This common check is automatically performed when SSLContext.check_hostname is enabled.

在 3.7 版的變更: Hostname matchings is now performed by OpenSSL. Python no longer uses match_hostname().

In server mode, if you want to authenticate your clients using the SSL layer (rather than using a higher-level authentication mechanism), you'll also have to specify CERT_REQUIRED and similarly check the client certificate.

協定版本

SSL versions 2 and 3 are considered insecure and are therefore dangerous to use. If you want maximum compatibility between clients and servers, it is recommended to use PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT or PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER as the protocol version. SSLv2 and SSLv3 are disabled by default.

>>> client_context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
>>> client_context.minimum_version = ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1_3
>>> client_context.maximum_version = ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1_3

The SSL context created above will only allow TLSv1.3 and later (if supported by your system) connections to a server. PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT implies certificate validation and hostname checks by default. You have to load certificates into the context.

Cipher selection

If you have advanced security requirements, fine-tuning of the ciphers enabled when negotiating a SSL session is possible through the SSLContext.set_ciphers() method. Starting from Python 3.2.3, the ssl module disables certain weak ciphers by default, but you may want to further restrict the cipher choice. Be sure to read OpenSSL's documentation about the cipher list format. If you want to check which ciphers are enabled by a given cipher list, use SSLContext.get_ciphers() or the openssl ciphers command on your system.

Multi-processing

If using this module as part of a multi-processed application (using, for example the multiprocessing or concurrent.futures modules), be aware that OpenSSL's internal random number generator does not properly handle forked processes. Applications must change the PRNG state of the parent process if they use any SSL feature with os.fork(). Any successful call of RAND_add() or RAND_bytes() is sufficient.

TLS 1.3

在 3.7 版新加入.

The TLS 1.3 protocol behaves slightly differently than previous version of TLS/SSL. Some new TLS 1.3 features are not yet available.

  • TLS 1.3 uses a disjunct set of cipher suites. All AES-GCM and ChaCha20 cipher suites are enabled by default. The method SSLContext.set_ciphers() cannot enable or disable any TLS 1.3 ciphers yet, but SSLContext.get_ciphers() returns them.

  • Session tickets are no longer sent as part of the initial handshake and are handled differently. SSLSocket.session and SSLSession are not compatible with TLS 1.3.

  • Client-side certificates are also no longer verified during the initial handshake. A server can request a certificate at any time. Clients process certificate requests while they send or receive application data from the server.

  • TLS 1.3 features like early data, deferred TLS client cert request, signature algorithm configuration, and rekeying are not supported yet.

也參考

socket.socket 類別

底層 socket 類別的文件

SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: An Introduction

Apache HTTP Server 文件的介紹

RFC 1422: Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part II: Certificate-Based Key Management

Steve Kent

RFC 4086: Randomness Requirements for Security

Donald E., Jeffrey I. Schiller

RFC 5280: Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile

D. Cooper

RFC 5246: The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2

T. Dierks et. al.

RFC 6066: Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions

D. Eastlake

IANA TLS: Transport Layer Security (TLS) Parameters

IANA

RFC 7525: Recommendations for Secure Use of Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS)

IETF

Mozilla's Server Side TLS recommendations

Mozilla